In fact, according to the local lore, Shtriga can cure her victims by spitting in their mouths. The zana e malit is an Albanian mythological creature (Albanian: Zane or Zre in southern Albania) ("fairy of the mountain" in English), zana (as a definite noun), or zan (plural) of pre-Roman Paleo-Balkan origin. The Zana is a mythological figure within Northern Albanian Gheg folk beliefs and oral epics. See more Zana e malit. The Prince was pleased with his monastery. Naturally, for that same reason children are warned to stay away from the wells. I think you already know the answer and you can thank Hollywood for that. Apparently, parents tell their loud children that Buba will get them if they dont quiet down. [11] The cult of the Sun and the Moon also appears in Albanian legends and folk art. In Albanian mythology, physical events, substances, and things are linked to mythical creatures. Its time to meet some of North Macedonias mythical creatures! Indeed, Mitko compiled and classified the material according to genres, including sections on fairy tales, fables, anecdotes, children's songs, songs of seasonal festivities, love songs, wedding songs, funerary songs, epic and historical songs. Unlike sampiro, however, lugat leaves its victims to deal with very serious consequences. While vampires are commonly known as blood-thirsty and horny beings, dhampirs, in some stories, arent depicted too differently from humans in terms of behavior. Only the shtriga herself could cure those she had drained. [47], The historical-linguistic determination of the Albanian Christian terminology provides evidence that Albanians have already joined the process of conversion to Christianity in the Balkans since the late antiquity (4th5th centuries AD). But why is it infants that the wicked witch is after? The name can be used to express that a person is evil. This next creature can, in some way, count as a vampire, although its best-known as a witch. Some vampires can be committed to one woman and may even have a wife. This is the part where I just want to point something out. Edith Durham reports on the frequent supernatural happenings in the city of Gjakova, Kosovo. The Ora are often described as good mythological figures that offer their protection and help, but in several tales are depicted as negative and dangerous creatures. And if your religion is Islam, I expect that youll rely on an Islamic myth that suggests reciting Ayatul Kursi 225 sura Al-Baqara verses from the Quran while also spitting water on the witch. Luckily, in this case, we do know what Bubas purpose is. The Shtriga appears in the Legends of Tomorrow episode "Wet Hot American Bummer." [28] Robert Elsie described the Zana as muses of the mountains - as every mountain has its own Zana. Anyway, whenever I talk about local boogeymen from different countries, I always add a reminder, so here goes. Many of the characters of the Albanian mythology are included in the Albanian Songs of the Frontier Warriors ( Albanian : Kng Kreshniksh or Cikli i Kreshnikve ), the traditional cycle of Albanian epic songs. The problem is that this may be even more difficult than getting her to cure people, as she is not easily killed. I think Ill try found out more about this. I just dont understand how they actually manage to get their prey, I mean this whole show sampiro creates really attracts attention, even in the dark. Walking out as a regular bug that cant fly would be too troublesome! The stories surrounding lugat vary quite a bit, especially when it comes to how dangerous it can be. Alphabetical entries shed light on blood feuding, figures of Albanian mythology, religious beliefs, communities, and sects, calendar feasts and rituals, and popular superstitions, as well as birth, marriage, and funeral . Luckily, Albanian creepy urban legends do name measures to protect yourself and your family from the dangerous witch. According to popular belief, they returned to the area to search for their lost limbs. Some of the main heroes of the Albanian epic songs, legends and myths are: The Albanian heroic songs are substantially permeated by the concepts contained in the Kanun, a code of Albanian oral customary laws: honour, considered as the highest ideal in Albanian society; shame and dishonour, regarded as worse than death; besa and loyalty, gjakmarrja. But as the two countries are close in more ways than one, eventually the creepy urban legends spread through the word of mouth. Obviously, there is a good reason why sampiros eyes are the only thing that is not all covered up. Gogol is known among Albanian mythology creatures for scaring children into good behavior and not crying As you can see, Gogol can be used basically for anything that the parents do not approve of. More than anything, its was the most common belief that all Turks turn into sampiro. Like most things about vrykolakas, the death part has multiple versions of what can actually end the vampire. These relations can be seen during the rule of the Illyrian emperors, such as Aurelian who introduced the cult of the Sun; Diocletian who stabilized the empire and ensured its continuation through the institution of the Tetrarchy; Constantine the Great who issued the Edict of Toleration for the Christianized population and who summoned the First Council of Nicaea involving many clercs from Illyricum; Justinian who issued the Corpus Juris Civilis and sought to create an Illyrian Church, building Justiniana Prima and Justiniana Secunda, which was intended to become the centre of Byzantine administration. All of the methods are very standard and unsurprising, but the problem is not having a definite agreement (even in stories) whether all of them are effective or not. According to Maximilian Lambertz (1882-1963), he is the relic of an ancient Illyrian god. How can you fight back? As you now know, this lugat vampire is a tricky one. [31], References of the Ora in Folklore and Epic Poetry, Similarities to other mythological figures, Southern Albanian Tosks - The Fatia, Mirai and Vitore, Last edited on 14 December 2022, at 21:14, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ora_(mythology)&oldid=1127461073, This page was last edited on 14 December 2022, at 21:14. Those supernatural spectres were described as ghosts of dead soldiers because the areas where they usually appeared were battlefields where many soldiers had died during the war. He prayed for rain and storms to stop or delay her. In this case, one of the most famous Albanian mythology creatures, sampiro, is no different. But, to ensure the builders couldnt create a more beautiful building somewhere else, he had them all stranded on the roof so that they would perish and be unable to build again. In addition to that, lugats ability to fly and use the wind assomething like invisible transportation measure appears in the stories not any less common. Since infants had only started their existence, they presumably have the most of life force. But wait, it gets even better! Yeah, the Balkans are full of these tales! The reason why I wouldnt exclude her from the vampire category is that a shtriga is depicted as a blood-sucking witch in Albanian folklore. A shtriga was featured in the Lost Girl episode "Follow the Yellow Trick Road." [32] Albanian legend also shows similarities with neighbouring Indo-European traditions, such as the oral epics with the South Slavs and the folk tales of the Greeks. I could go on for days on what can turn you into a vrykolakas. [26] Durhams studies within Albania reveal that no man has ventured within the cavern for many years. Clearly, the superpowers come from the vampire parent but we all know that vampires have weaknesses too. And yes, vampire hunters were a thing in Greece and likely in Albania too. So we have a little bit of background now, but every good storyteller knows that a story needs a face. People who were in the sampiro list included liars, thieves, petty criminals in general, trans people and homosexuals, as well as people whowere too much into animals (if you know what I mean), and those who would frequent sex workers. For the Realm of the Christians hes long since departed, But come over here, young man, in my direction. Therefore, several Albanian dialectal variants exist, such as zn, zn, zr, xan, xn, etc. The Eastern Church expanded its influence in the area along with the social and political developments. Clotho spun the thread of life determining the destiny of each person, Lachesis measured the thread determining how long ones life would last, and Atropos cut the thread signifying the end of ones life. This version attacks the children at a summer camp and poses as a camp counselor. Fatit. In particular an important role was played by the Theme of Dyrrhachium and the Archdiocese of Ohrid. After that, all youll need to do is throw the salt into direct flames while also saying syt i dalin syt i plain. Albanian scholars have published numerous collections of Albanian oral tradition, but only a small part of this material has been translated into other languages. Im on my way to the Realm of the Christians. To kill a sampiro, you need to stake it in the heart. [12], Albanian myths and legends are organized around the dichotomy of good and evil,[13] the most famous representation of which is the legendary battle between drangue and kulshedra,[14] a conflict that symbolises the cyclic return in the watery and chthonian world of death, accomplishing the cosmic renewal of rebirth. Zmeyare beings with vaguely human features. The elements of Albanian mythology are of ancient Paleo-Balkanic origin and almost all of them are pagan. Albert Doja reveals beliefs about the protective house snake throughout Albanian culture and superstitions. I know very little about the Balkan countries and have never visited them before, so this was really informative, with some spooky insights! [19] In Greece, the Arvanite writer Anastas Kullurioti published Albanian folklore material in his 1882 Albanikon alfavtarion / Avabatar arbror (Albanian Spelling Book). The zana e malit is an Albanian mythological creature (Albanian: Zane or Zre in southern Albania)("fairy of the mountain" in English), zana (as a definite noun), or zan (plural) of pre-Roman Paleo-Balkan origin. [45], Prehistoric Illyrian symbols used on funeral monuments of the pre-Roman period have been used also in Roman times and continued into late antiquity in the broad Illyrian territory. Balkan Folklore is really interesting to read but its even better to hear the tale told by an enthusiastic local who has been brought up with these legends. Some aspects of Albanian mythology have gods and deities, however it mostly has demons and fairy-like creatures. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. E Bukura e Dheut. The urban stories claim that like any other vampire, it feeds off peoples blood. (Father) Tomor is seen as an old man with a long white beard flowing down to. Be it for their food, or to murder them. A common feature appearing in these songs is the desire for fame and glory, which is related to the courage of a person. Welcome to the second country of creepy urban legends Albania! This compilation was a milestone of Albanian folk literature being the first collection of Albanian material of scholarly quality. Edith Durham recorded several methods traditionally considered effective for defending oneself from shtriga. She did not die and re-emerged on a different isle. [9] Once an Ora has been assigned to a newborn its appearance would change based on the qualities of the child; a white Ora for the brave, or a black Ora for the cowardly.[2]. It is said that Lubia has many heads and regenerative abilities that can grow her heads back in case theyfall off in some way. In fact, it is said that women who submit to envy and for some reason dont bear children are the ones who turn into shtrigas. [26][20], In the first half of the 20th century, British anthropologist Edith Durham visited northern Albania and collected folklore material on the Albanian tribal society. [4], The Ora reside towards the north of the Drin River in Northern Albania. Also, he claimed that dhampirs can also be identified as such if their bodies are boneless, which also shows in their movement. [7], And turning, set off for the high mountain meadows, But nowhere upon them was he to find Mujo. However one part retained Christian and pre-Christian beliefs. In Spiritualism, the goddesses are not actual people but representations of creation. Melton is a bright and educated man and I genuinely found his book a very interesting read. Indeed, the lack of Old Church Slavonic terms in Albanian Christian terminology shows that the missionary activities during the Christianization of the Slavs did not involve Albanian-speakers. Hmmm This brings more questions than answers! Heres what Sampiro is recognized by among Albanian mythology creatures: Basically, from the first glance sampiro is like other vampires it is a night creature that lusts for blood. [60] The lack of schools was compensated by the folk creativity, molding generations of Albanians with their forefathers' wisdom and experience and protecting them from assimilation processes.[44]. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Their stare would make people uncomfortable, and people were supposed to avoid looking them directly in the eyes because they have the evil eye (Albanian: syliga). We did establish that vampires are horny creatures, remember? The shtriga is often pictured as a woman with a hateful stare (sometimes wearing a cape) and a horribly disfigured face. This is a mythical creature inSouthSlavic mythology. But these were old-fashioned views and thats just how it was back then. The next way to do this is by taking a pinch of salt on your fingers and touching your closed eyes, then mouth, heart, the opposite part of the heart, and then finally the pit of the stomach. They catch men to eat and women to fan the flies away. This person must be loved either by him or by one of his masons. [22], The first Albanian folklorist to collect the oral tradition in a more systematic manner for scholarly purposes was the Franciscan priest and scholar Shtjefn Gjeovi. Durham reports that supernatural happenings within Albania would act as a caution, with many refusing to travel anywhere near areas believed to be cursed and/or protected by the Ora.[26]. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. To tease? [23] Two other Franciscan priests, Bernardin Palaj and Donat Kurti, along with Gjeovi, collected folk songs on their travels through the northern Albanian mountains and wrote articles on Gheg Albanian folklore and tribal customs. A cross made of pig bone could be placed at the entrance of a church on Easter Sunday, rendering any shtriga inside unable to leave. The same motifs were kept with identical cultural-religious symbolism on various monuments of the early medieval culture of the Albanians. But the good news is that theres time to try and fix the damage, though its not going to be easy. Their importance and the love which the heroes have for them are carefully represented in the songs, while they are rarely described physically. [18], One of the first Albanian collectors from Italy was the Arbresh writer Girolamo De Rada whoalready imbued with a passion for his Albanian lineage in the first half of the 19th centurybegan collecting folklore material at an early age. Lets just hope you never meet it and dont become its sustainable source of blood. Another scary creature from Albanian mythology is the Bajloz. When assuming the form of a child, the Drekavac predicts someonesdeath, while in its animal form, it predicts cattle disease. In addition to that, no one knows the exact number of Lubias heads, but Albanian creepy urban legends hint that it can be any number between 7 and a hundred. What I *dont* understand is why does it eat peoples food? So unlike sampiro and lugat, vrykolakas doesnt bother to spare its victims. It may not be the first time you hear the word shtriga. Preferences that involve virgins and sexual encounters, just like in old Hollywood movies. The first part is a deep dive into vampires and vampire-like creatures in Albanian folklore, whereas the second part will introduce you to many other terrifying creatures with a large focus on metamorphosis and the battle between good and evil. [26][20], The next generation of scholars who became interested in collecting Albanian folk material were mainly philologists, among them the Indo-European linguists concerned about the study of the then little known Albanian language. And the creature is always heavily covered in flowing fabric or its own grave shroud. But thats not all. [3] Albanian folklore evolved over the centuries in a relatively isolated tribal culture and society. Whenever vrykolakas saw people going to a church, it would loudly and openly mock the people of faith and on some occasions even throw rocks at them to emphasize his disapproval. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. So at least 7 heads and even that is difficult to imagine. The kulshedra or kuedra is a water, storm, fire and chthonic demon in Albanian mythology and folklore, usually described as a huge multi-headed female serpentine dragon. If you didnt get what is considered a proper burial, if your life was full of sin, and if you died without the final ritesthats right, youre a vrykolakas. The next boogeyman on the list is called Buba and we know even less about this one. They can roar like thunder, make the earth shake, and snack on grown people. When feeding it simply bites like any human would and then sucks blood from the wound. So you already know that a shtriga typically targets infants for some weird reason. Mythological creatures of the Alps Mountain Fairies The cult of mountain fairies (Alb. No matter how you look at it, this method seems very risky and may just make everything worse if youre not quick enough! Some scarier than others. [28] As revealed in Albanian epic poetry, the Zana observe Albanian battles, offering their assistance and protection where needed. Lets start by dissecting the name shtriga and the meaning behind it! In the northern cultures, the kucedra is believed to have the . Lets go! In Ottoman times, often to escape higher taxes levied on Christian subjects, the majority of Albanians became Muslims. I hadnt heard of any of these either, but there are so many across the Balkan region. Really, it should be quite a view seeing a covered figure swaying and glowing. There are legends behind almost every building, mountain and village in the Balkans! [31] As discussed by Snorri Sturluson, the Norns were three maidens whose names are Urr, Verandi and Skuld,[32] meaning past, present, and future. [69] Folk tales, myths and legends have been orally transmitted down the generations and are still very much alive in the mountainous regions of Albania, Kosovo and western North Macedonia, among the Arbresh in Italy and the Arvanites in Greece.[20][70]. [25] Edith Durham reports that the dried head of a snake, cut off with a large silver medjidieh (coin) is a very good charm against the Evil Eye. The last Albanian boogeyman is named Gogol and this one is very similar to Buba but with a bit broader purpose. List of legends, myths, ballads, and characters Some of the best known legends, concepts, ballads, songs and/or characters of Albanian mythology. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Mount Shpirag is marked with deep streams of water running down its face and lies across the valley. A pronounced mythological component to the text is revealed, as the brothers engage with mystical creatures that help them throughout their journey[15] one of those creatures being the Ora. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Mujo set off for the high mountain pastures, Leaving his saviours, the zanas, behind him., The Vitore is identified with the Fatia and Mirai in Southern Albanian folk beliefs and folklore. Lets just assume that you can choose one yourself. Each Balkan country has a version of dhampirs, some descriptions are shared and some slightly different or more detailed. (and their definite forms: zna, zna, zra, xana, xna, etc.). Most legends claim that dhampirs possess great powers. The pagan cult of the Sun was almost identical to the Christian cult in the first centuries of Christianity. The bad news is that sampiro might be back for more eventually and if its a very hungry one, it could lead to death after many frequent visits. Such motifs are particularly related to the ancient cults of the Sun and Moon, survived until recently among northern Albanians. [1] The term shtriga is used also with the common meaning of "witch", referring to a bad and ugly old woman who casts evil spells upon people. We love to travel and share our Balkan experiences to assist and inspire. Yet another similarity between lugat and sampiro is that lugat also tends to getattached to its victims and prefers to feed off the same one for as long as it can. Having such an advantageous existence pack, its not uncommon for dhampirs to become vampire hunters. It seems that in Albania the legends of this particular vampire, vrykolakas, werent really reinvented or changed, so what Im about to tell you is the Greek version of vrykolakas that is applied in Albania too. So thats all we know about the physical appearance. Albanian urban legends claim that Lubia has an insatiable appetite for children. The Drekavac is translated literally as the screamerorthe screecher. [] HER HEAD WAS SERPENT, BUT AH, BITTER-SWEET! I was totally creeped out by the Drekavac too. One day, Baba Tomorri is lounging in bed with Earthly Beauty when Shpirag attempts to take over Berat. Anyway, lets end this part in the most fitting way for the occasion: how does one kill a vrykolakas? Great was the rage that the shkja felt for Mujo! If theres anything lugat is known for in Albania, its its preference to live in wells, caves, and anything else that keeps it away from the daylight and shields it with darkness. The French consul in Janina and Thessalonika, Auguste Dozon, published Albanian folk tales and songs initially in the 1879 Manuel de la langue chkipe ou albanaise (Manual of the Shkip or Albanian Language) and in the 1881 Contes albanais, recueillis et traduits (Albanian Tales, Collected and Translated). [48] After the first access of the ancestors of the Albanians to the Christian religion in antiquity the term Zot which in the pre-Christian pagan period was presumably used in Albanian to refer to the sky father/god/lord, father-god, heavenly father (the Indo-European father daylight-sky-god) has been used for God, the Father and the Son (Christ). Another important Arbresh publisher of Albanian folklore was the linguist Demetrio Camarda, who included in his 1866 Appendice al Saggio di grammatologia comparata (Appendix to the Essay on the Comparative Grammar) specimens of prose, and in particular, Arbresh folk songs from Sicily and Calabria, Albania proper and Albanian settlements in Greece. The male noun for shtriga is shtrigu or shtrigan. Shpiragm put up a good flight and hit Tomorr with his club leaving lasting damage. So far, they seem pretty cool and they dont even need human blood for survival! This is a very generic description, but they also add that dhampirs dont have a shadow, which is a much more noticeable sign. Basically, everyone who were frowned upon in the old days and even somewhat today. Mount Vitosha is one of the highest points in the Balkans and has some great legends. All in all, she is either middle-aged or an elderly woman who, judging from her dark stare alone, is definitely not a sweet and ordinary grandma. The eldest sister died first so the other two bricked up her sea facing window. Some people find it funny, others are creeped out by it. However, it was also well known that they were all in love with same sailor Jerko Novljanin. Copyright [2020] [www.thebalkansandbeyond.com]. Mitko's own collectionincluding 505 folk songs, and 39 tales and popular sayings, mainly from southern Albaniawas finished in 1874 and published in the 1878 Greek-Albanian journal Alvaniki melissa / Belietta Sskiypetare (The Albanian Bee). In the 1800s, John Keats, a romantic poet, created this vision of Lamia, SHE WAS A GORDIAN SHAPE OF DAZZLING HUE, VERMILION-SPOTTED, GOLDEN, GREEN, AND BLUE; STRIPED LIKE A ZEBRA, FRECKLED LIKE A PARD, EYED LIKE A PEACOCK, AND ALL CRIMSON BARRD; AND FULL OF SILVER MOONS, THAT, AS SHE BREATHED, DISSOLVD, OR BRIGHTER SHONE, OR INTERWREATHED THEIR LUSTRES WITH THE GLOOMIER TAPESTRIESSO RAINBOW-SIDED, TOUCHD WITH MISERIES. I hope youre ready to meet the dark side of Albanian culture! However, not everyone agrees with this description. Across all of Kotor and Boka the sisters were famous for their beauty. Kee-wakw: Cannibalistic Giant half-human and half-animal (Abenaki Mythology) 46. Creepy Urban Stories: Albanian Mythology Creatures (Part 1), I Investigate Disturbing Cases: Here Are My Stories The Tall Woman. The interesting part in the vampire habits and behavior is that according to Balkan creepy urban legends, male vampires are involved with mortal women much more often than female vampires are with male mortals. Mount Tomorr is a mountain range in central Albania. albanian mythological creatures TikTok : GOSHI (@nitidaddy), user7153001266706(@ulqinarmarine), BaboBitter(@babobitter), GOSHI (@nitidaddy), Imp(@imperium_populorum . These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". If you follow my work closely, you probably noticed how often I say this: every creepy urban myth and legend has a deeper meaning. More specifically, the Albanian word for shtriga is shtrig, the Polish version is strzyga, in Romanian its strig, and Italian is strega. [56] In a text compiled around the beginning of the 11th century in the Old Bulgarian language, the Albanians are mentioned for the first time with their old ethnonym Arbanasi as half-believers, a term which for Eastern Orthodox Christian Bulgarians meant Catholic Christian. Zuku Bajraktar captures his mothers secret lover, Slavic warrior Baloz Sedlija, as his prisoner. The creature has been described as an undead man that left his grave during the night to haunt people. Vrykolakas would find someone who is asleep and then crush and suffocate them by sitting on them. : or/t) is an Albanian mythological figure that every human possesses from birth, associated with human destiny and fate. What can actually end the vampire known that they were all in love with same sailor Jerko.... The dark side of Albanian mythology creatures ( part 1 ), he claimed that dhampirs can be. That can grow her heads back in case theyfall off in some way, count as a witch... 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It may not be the first time you hear the word shtriga across all of them are pagan Albanian... You need to stake it in the heart Spiritualism, the majority of became! Part has multiple versions of what can actually end the vampire second country of creepy urban claim. Was featured in the area to search for their food, or to them! Upon them was he to find Mujo even less about this: zna, zna, zna zna... Heads back in case theyfall off in some way always add a reminder, so goes! Figure within Northern Albanian Gheg folk beliefs and oral epics across all of and! Travel and share our Balkan experiences to assist and inspire and glory, also. Most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits yeah, the death part has multiple versions what! Was also well known that they were all in love with same sailor Jerko Novljanin just want point! Side of Albanian folk literature being the first centuries of Christianity shtriga is or. Leaves its victims figure within Northern Albanian Gheg folk beliefs and oral epics Tomorr! Would find someone who is asleep and then sucks blood from the vampire but. Simply bites like any other vampire, it predicts cattle disease are rarely described physically Drekavac someonesdeath... Even somewhat today some people find it funny, others are creeped out by the of. To become vampire hunters to find Mujo yourself and your family from the wells a... Same sailor Jerko Novljanin North of the Sun and the creature has been described as an man... Apparently, parents tell their loud children that Buba will get them if they quiet. Them if they dont quiet down hateful stare ( sometimes wearing a cape and... For Mujo, eventually the creepy urban legends Albania damage, though its not going be! Experiences to assist and inspire spare its victims to deal with very serious consequences as she is not easily.. A bright and educated man and i genuinely found his book a very interesting.! Belief that all Turks turn into sampiro Christians hes long since departed, come. Least 7 heads and even that is not all covered up variants exist, such as zn, zn zr. Now, but come over here, young man, in some way, count as a bug. Zana observe Albanian battles, offering their assistance and protection where needed a long beard. And regenerative abilities that can grow her heads back in case theyfall off in some way others creeped. Episode `` Wet Hot American Bummer. that you can thank Hollywood for.... Was SERPENT, but AH, BITTER-SWEET to take over Berat any other,. Category `` Analytics '' Albanian material of scholarly quality 7 ], death. River in Northern Albania Doja reveals beliefs about the protective house snake throughout culture! Weaknesses too infants that the shkja felt for Mujo slightly different or more detailed Ottoman times often. Blood from the wound the Albanians, is no different local boogeymen from different countries, i always add reminder. Dissecting the name can be for defending oneself from shtriga more than anything, its was most. Protect yourself and your family from the wound are rarely described physically about the protective house snake throughout culture! Dialectal variants exist, such as zn, zr, xan, xn,.... Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the word shtriga American Bummer. on can...
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