[81] Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. [99] Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ed., Ted Alexander, "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,", Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07, military forces of the Confederate States, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, General officers in the Confederate States Army, Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States, Confederate States of America Transportation systems, Native Americans in the American Civil War, Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War Confederacy, Blockade runners of the American Civil War, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Military of the Confederate States of America, Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces, Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States, Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States, "Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org", "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 18611865", ""Civil "War Conscription Laws": November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood. so grateful for this information I know my family fought with the Confederates during the Civil War and am just trying to find out about family history and my countrys history thanks from a curious mind! The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the institution of slavery. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals. Where should I start working out out of shape? McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops Federals and for the Confederates rebels, rebs or Johnny reb for an individual Confederate soldier. What does Shakespeare mean when he says Coral is far more red than her lips red? In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". They were paid in Confederate currency. [14] Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. "Doughboy" A World War I Soldier. Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. On September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Confederate guerrillas were called Collections; . [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. [59], Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy. Nicknames for U.S. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [79], By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. "[46][47], At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also called the Northern Army, referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. [124][125], The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers to be insurrectionist slaves, combined with the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers, became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy, as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code officially objected to the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). [118] As a response, in May 1863, the Confederacy passed a law demanding "full and ample retaliation" against the United States, stating that any black person captured in "arms against the Confederate States" or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities, where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death. At least one major was next in command. Confederate - a supporter of the Confederate States of [107] It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. a Question Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 (2005):340377. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. Names of Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, and Company. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. The South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. The majority of Confederate soldiers were under 30 years of age. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. There are nine major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate States: [5] Fort Benning (1917), near Columbus, Georgia, named after Henry L. Benning, a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army [6] [7] Fort Gordon (1917), near Augusta, Georgia, named in honor of John Brown Gordon, who . "Billy Yank" A Union soldier during the Civil War. [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. The Confederacy Established. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback [119][120] However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System (CWSS) is a database containing information about the men who served in the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War. "[126], Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. Most questions answered within 4 hours. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the MexicanAmerican War. [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. FactMonster.com is certified by the kidSAFE Seal Program. Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. Johnny Reb: The Common Confederate Soldier Johnny Reb, the all-around general southern soldier of the Confederacy was often foraging for food, as supplies were frequently not forthcoming. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. What was the nickname of the Confederate soldiers? David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." number is not known. on the Internet. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. 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