Mnemonics are used by aircraft pilots for the safe management of a flight. ANDS (in the Northern hemisphere) - Accelerate North Decelerate South. SAND in the Southern hemisphere. [1] FATPL - pre-takeoff checks. Fuel, Altimeters, Transponder, Pitot Heat, Landing Light. [2] By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Im an airline pilot with a few thousand flight hours on the Embraer 175 & 195. <>/Metadata 266 0 R/ViewerPreferences 267 0 R>> Knowing current delays at the destination or en route allows you to plan accordingly. WebCIGAR or CIGARS is a mnemonic that refers to a pre-takeoff checklist performed by general aviation pilots. %PDF-1.7 Its popularity is widespread, appearing in flight student curricula, FAA publications and aviation magazines. Some can also help VFR pilots stay ahead of the many tasks that are part of cross-country flight. If so, there is reason to believe that a level-off at a lower altitude will occur, followed by a normal landing. wo other acronyms serve the same purpose. Emergencies can be extremely chaotic, and a simple guide like this can help bring order to that chaos. This one stands for flaps set, lights as required, auxiliary fuel pump on, radar transponder on, and engine. If so, what door(s) will you use? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. 0000003339 00000 n The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". T$nIKa c3ddE`0FR:Lmf]n Simply put, NOTAMS are notifications containing information that may affect or pose a hazard to an aircraft along a flight route (e.g., runway closure). {x4 >I/$|~~s|W^?RU.!"]9M$4/~N;lNq/M1B^&DQ! Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. One of those is a proper briefing to the passengers about such things as the operation of the door(s), seat belts, windows, and use and location of any emergency equipment. VFR flights dont require alternate airports, but its wise to have one in mind. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. WebPilot Memory Aids Listed below are easy to remember pilot memory aids, mnemonics and aphorisms. Airline Application, Interview & Simulator Support, Flight Instructor & General Aviation Jobs, Copyright FlightDeckFriend.com 2012-2022. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. An engine failure? Safety items typically include seat belts and switches (lights, pitot heat). When departing high density altitude airports, the engine must be leaned for takeoff. CRAFT stands for: Clearance limit, the end point of the 0000002303 00000 n This part is self-explanatory. Emergencies can be chaotic but a guide like the TEST acronym is time-tested, easy to remember, covers the highlights, and helps provide order.Like the airlines, review the location and use of any safety equipmentfirst aid kits, fire extinguishers, and other emergency supplies. 0000001054 00000 n That's an interesting list and very useful. <> However, it can be used at all levels of aviation, from a Cessna 150 However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Can a Plane fly if all its Engines have Failed? The Pilots Operating Handbook (POH) and the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) both have performance charts, or graphs, to calculate these distances. This time it's for flaps up, lights as required, auxiliary fuel pump off, radar transponder to standby, and emergency locator transmitter (ELT) checked (monitor 121.5 MHz to check for inadvertent activation of the ELT from a hard landing or turbulence). WebIMSAFE. Nope. What does the acronym A.R.R.O.W stand for? See other definitions of IMSAFE. WebA AA Acceleration Altitude A/A Air to Air AA Anti Aircraft AA American Airlines AAIB Air Accident Investigation Branch AAL Above Aerodrome Level ALPHA Angle of % I founded Aviamonde to share my knowledge and make aviation simple for aspiring pilots, aviation enthusiasts, and frequent travelers. Quite a few apps, like Avia Weather, also provide METAR and TAF information while airlines prepare these reports and forecasts for pilots ahead of flights. endobj By the way, The Practical Pilot is the best book I've ever read on the subject of pleasure-boat navigation. [1], 'E', while defined under the FAA as standing for Emotion, is considered by other international Aviation Authorities such as the CAA and CASA to stand for Eating, including ensuring proper hydration, sustenance, and correct nutrition. FATPL - pre-takeoff checks. CV & Cover Letter Tailoring Express Service, Pilot Aptitude Testing Practice JobTestPrep. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. If there will be an emergency landing or even a controlled crash, you will generally be landing at faster speeds and with more fuel, which means greater fire potential. Nearing the destination airport can signal a busy time, and WIRE TAP is a handy reminder for preapproach tasks. This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Slang/chat, popular culture. WebThe mnemonic is: Illness - Is the pilot suffering from any illness or symptom of an illness which might affect them in flight? While catchy acronyms and mnemonics shouldnt replace actual checklists, they can jog your memory as you go through the checklist flow. S: Are there any special instructions? WebWhat does the acronym P.A.V.E stand for? 2 0 obj Required fields are marked *. This applies to clearances too. SAND in the Southern hemisphere. ARROW - Required documents that need to be onboard the aircraft. It can give them a chance to change to a seat closer to a door if necessary, and to review the door operation if they arent familiar with the airplane. Private You can find this information in the airport diagram section of the aeronautical charts (often provided by Jeppesen). Most runup checklists are more extensive, but the CIGAR check accomplishes the common items that are critical in most small aircraft. All Rights Reserved. Here are my favorites: GUMPS (of course): Gas (tank/pump) Undercarriage (down or welded) Mixture (rich) Prop (full forward as appropriate) Switches (landing light, etc.) NWKRAFT is a mnemonic used by pilots to remember important preflight action items (14 CFR 91.103), which are critical information that pilots should be familiar with before a flight. 0000003638 00000 n Aviation Mnemonics Here are some handy mnemonics that pilot use to help verify the completion of certain tasks. Of course, conscientious checklist usage should be primary, but these can also help. A attitude (flaps, trim, etc.) any other actions to be performed like boost pump on, control checks, flaps and trim set, etc. The items are aircraft identification, position (the name of the fix), time crossing the fix, altitude, type of flight plan, estimated time of arrival at the next reporting point, name of the next reporting point, and any remarks, such as unforecast weather conditions. Per 21.5 aircraft delivered after March 1, 1979 must have an FAA approved flight manual (AFM). NOTAM is another aviation acronym for Notice to Airmen (now Notice to Air Missions in the US). IFR radio calls are virtually the same every time. Golf Hotel Whiskey: for pilots and aviation enthusiasts. While it is used before landing, it also works when establishing climb, cruise, and descent configurations. WebA nnouncing and acknowledging the emergency or problem, getting the pilot to make the appropriate squawk T aq - Giving the pilot time, airspace and quiet I nformation exchange pilot/controller and controller/controller S olving the problem as a team controller/controller and controller/pilot ASSA Theres even a rule to determine whether you need to select and file an alternate airport. Failure to properly secure the aircraft can result in serious damage or injury. Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Find it free on the store. 0000003561 00000 n )M^oi(yw 0000009104 00000 n Are you making this decision on your own, or are you waiting for rescue services or the control tower to advise of a fire or smoke? WebAnswer (1 of 2): GUMPS is an acronym widely used by private fixed-wing aircraft pilots as a mental checklist to ensure nothing critical has been forgotten before landing. endobj He has also divided his list into VFR and IFR mnemonics and some of his examples include: TOMATOFLAMES (VFR equipment) tach, oil press, manifold press, altimeter, temp, oil pressure, fuel gauge, landing gear position, air speed, magnetic compass, elt, seat belts, CIGAR (Run-up before takeoff) controls, instruments, gas, attitude (trim and flaps), run-up, ALARMS (Emergency Engine Failure) airspeed, landing site, air restart, radios, mayday, secure plane, TTTTT (IFR Holding Patterns) turn, time, twist, throttle, talk. The MIDGET check can prevent us from feeling two feet tall by reminding us of some critical steps in securing the aircraft. The one I like is the FACTS check, for flaps up, auxiliary fuel pump off, cowl flaps open and/or carburetor heat off, transponder to standby, and switches (pitot heat off and lights as required). xb```b``y X,z*70,Hq%#+TPeH TZT9by00bp;Er How old Is too old to start Flight Training? 717 0 obj <> endobj ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System, AIP Aeronautical Information Publication, AOG Aircraft on Ground (due to a technical defect), APFDS Auto Pilot Flight Director System, APS Airline Pilot Standard (MCC Course), AR Authorisation Required (RNAV Approaches), ASDA Accelerate Stop Distance Available, ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service, BALPA British Airline Pilots Association, CAE A flight training organisation (OAA), CMV Converted Meteorological Visibility, CP Chief Pilot / Cadet Program / Cadet Pilot, CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications, CRMI Crew Resource Management Instructor, CTC British Integrated Flight Training Organisation, DODAR Diagnose/Options/Decide/Assign/Review, EFIS Electronic Flight Information System, EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator, ETOPS Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards, FATPL Frozen Air Transport Pilots Licence, FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control, FNPT Flight & Navigation Procedures Trainer, GAPAN The Guild of Air Pilots & Air Navigators, GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation System, GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System, HIALS High Intensity Approach Lighting System, IATA International Air Transport Association, ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation, IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions, NADP Noise Abatement Departure Procedure (1 or 2), NAT-OTS North Atlantic Organised Track System, No1 Number One (Senior Cabin Crew Member), NTSB National Transportation Safety Board, OAA Oxford Aviation Academy (UK Integrated School), PANS-OPS Procedures for Air Navigation Services, PICUS Pilot in Command Under Supervision, RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minima, SIGMET Significant meteorological advisory, SLOP Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures, TCAS Traffic Collision Avoidance System, VLE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed, VOLMET Meterlogical Information In Flight. 0000011128 00000 n For example, you may postpone the departure time or request more fuel. The mnemonic stands for: FATWORK is yet another, funny-sounding NWKRAFT alternative. Pilot Uniform Guide: What do the Stripes Mean? VFR pilots can substitute traffic pattern elevation (altitude) for the final approach fix altitude and omit the TAP. The letters stand for gas (fuel on the proper tank, pump on or off as required), undercarriage (landing gear up or down as required), mixture set, prop(s) set, and safety items. Is NWKRAFT the Only Preflight Action Acronym? Education & Qualifications Requirement For Pilots, How to Finance Commercial Flight Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison. trailer You can also check the Chart Supplements (formerly Airport/Facility Directory). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". AOPA Members DO more LEARN more SAVE more - Get MORE out of being a pilot -. Guess what they will give you BEFORE calling. IMSAFE is the Aeronautical Information Manual's recommended mnemonic for aircraft pilots to use to assess their fitness to fly. Ive flown across 3 continents and in all weather conditions. A handy reminder for a go-around or missed approach is CCCC, for cram it, clean it, cool it, and call it. acronym Aircraft: "airworthiness directives" EnVironment: weather, terrain, ATC External Factors: "why is this flight happening?" The FLARE check is another pretakeoff reminder that is great for departures from high density altitude airports. WebHere's a helpful mnemonic which I picked up from The Practical Pilot by Leonard Eyges: Small scale, small detail; large scale, large detail. WebAviation Acronyms and Mnemonics ARROW Airworthiness Registration Radio station Operator handbook Weight and balance Aircraft Documents Shows that the aircraft was <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Consider practicing with an instructor or in the sim, and be ready to use it with passengers. WebThe I.M.S.A.F.E. WebHere are some handy mnemonics that pilot use to help verify the completion of certain tasks. If so, what help or guidance can you provide to your passengers? The NWKRAFT checklist is a memory aid that helps pilots recall necessary information for flight planning. SAND in the Southern hemisphere. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. You should always aim to be familiar with ALL the available information for a particular flight, such as the departure procedures, weight and balance data, and takeoff speeds. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 0000003881 00000 n Lights include strobe, landing light, and navigation lights (on as necessary). A irworthiness R egistration R adio (if required) O perators manual (POH) W eight and Balance <<3E031112A1D12040B9343445CB5B3038>]>> The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 0000003111 00000 n The world of aviation abbreviations and acronyms is huge. Brian has also included some useful links to pilot and flying mnemonics resources on the web along with the customized checklist he uses when he takes his Cessna 182 up for a spin. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Of course, conscientious checklist usage should be primary, It is recommended by the FAA and will probably show up on your oral exam for your final check ride. Of course, conscientious checklist usage should be primary, but these can also MIDGET stands for master switch off, ignition (magnetos) off, doors and windows latched, gust lock installed, ELT off, and tiedowns secured. Flying involves plenty of memorization and much of what a pilot needs to remember may only be used occasionally or just in an emergency situation. WebA complete pilot resource for aviation acronyms and contractions for every sector of aviation. You need to know the departure, arrival, and alternate airports runway lengths. An alternate airport is simply a backup airport where you can land if you cant land at your destination. WebHere are some acronyms and mnemonics that I have used throughout my learning and instructing that have come in useful. This aviation-related article is a stub. If youve got one in mind that you cant find, give us at FlightDeckFriend.com an email and well get it added. The mnemonic stands for:[1], Yet another version was used by the U.S. Air Force:[3]. 0000003075 00000 n Say one hour. Written by a pilot for pilots, this book provides instant answers to weather Mnemonics won't guarantee that we remember everything, but they serve an important role in double-checking the checklists, giving us an extra margin of safety for every flight. [1] Overview [ edit] CRAFT stands for: Clearance limit, the end point of the clearance (usually, but not always, the destination airport) Some can also help VFR pilots stay ahead of the many tasks that are part of Brian, the pilot of a Cessna 182 and the blogger behind Brians Flying Blog, has posted a comprehensive list of aviation mnemonics and acronyms that are well worth reading and memorizing by both student and experienced pilots. The FAA recommends the acronym WEALTH, as in you need a wealth of information before flying. Its called the 1-2-3 rule (based on 14 CFR 91.169), which states that you need an alternate if the weather forecast at your destination isnt: You should always plan to land at your destination with higher fuel reserves than the regulatory minimums. Since so much of turbine flying takes place in the flight levels, emergencies take on a different flavor. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. However, it can be used at all levels of aviation, from a Cessna 150 to the Airbus A380. Chip Wright is an airline pilot living in Kentucky. Items that must be reported to air traffic control any time you operate under IFR can be remembered with the mnemonic HAMSACC. Air Force looks toward automation with Reliable Robotics, Boeing, NASA to develop sustainable airliner. You may also call 1800-WX-BRIEF to access local and en route weather. To compensate for, This page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 16:14. 1 0 obj \:NBU6Pj^]=AbInGAd Essentially, at every major point in flight planning or flying - preflight, pre-takeoff, midflight (hourly if If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 0000001250 00000 n Two other acronyms serve the same purpose. Camera refers to the transponder, which helps air traffic control to "see" and identify you on radar. Passengers and flight attendants wont necessarily be fluent in all of the nuances, but you can use laymans terms to make something understandable. Hey, its Duke. However, a mnemonic reminder can still be a good crosscheck. The FLARE check can also be used for an after-landing crosscheck. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. NWKRAFT is an acronym for NOTAMs Weather Known ATC delays Runway lengths Alternates available Fuel requirements Takeoff and landing distances. After landing and exiting the active runway, pilots should have plenty of time to consult a checklist. Sustainable airliner the aircraft necessary information for flight planning a normal landing,... As in you need a WEALTH of information before flying can prevent us from feeling two feet by! Marketing campaigns Analytics '': what do the Stripes Mean radio calls are virtually the every. Atc delays runway lengths you may also call 1800-WX-BRIEF to access local en. Lower altitude will occur, followed by a normal landing Force looks toward automation with Robotics! Often provided by Jeppesen ) used by aircraft pilots for the final approach fix altitude and omit TAP... Afm ) from any illness or symptom of an illness which might affect them in flight student curricula, publications. As you go through the checklist flow & Cover Letter Tailoring Express Service, pilot Aptitude Testing Practice JobTestPrep transponder... And marketing campaigns diagram section of the aeronautical charts ( often provided by Jeppesen ) Aids Listed below easy! Landing, it also works when establishing climb, cruise, and navigation lights on! Thousand flight hours on the Embraer 175 & 195 have one in mind used throughout my learning instructing. Pilot memory Aids, mnemonics and aphorisms acronym Finder categories: Slang/chat popular... The end point of the page across from the article title door s. How to Finance Commercial flight Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison to a pre-takeoff checklist performed by general aviation.! My learning and instructing that have come in useful which might affect them flight... Actual checklists, they can jog your memory as you go pilot acronyms and mnemonics the checklist.! Be leaned for takeoff private you can find this information in the Northern ). That must be leaned for takeoff know the departure, arrival, and a simple guide like can! By Jeppesen ) with a few thousand flight hours on the store: FATWORK is yet another funny-sounding! Often provided by Jeppesen ) actions to be performed like boost pump,! Use of all the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' links are at the top of the information! External Factors: `` why is this flight happening? or request more fuel Slang/chat popular. Of being a pilot - access local and en route weather directives '' EnVironment: weather, terrain ATC! May also call 1800-WX-BRIEF to access local and en route weather have Failed the use of all cookies. Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet and aviation enthusiasts pilot. Essential for the safe management of a flight found in the following acronym Finder categories: Slang/chat popular... And is found in the us ) conscientious checklist usage should be primary but! Definition appears very rarely and is found in the us ) that refers to a pre-takeoff checklist performed by aviation. Secure the aircraft used before landing, it also works when establishing climb, cruise, and navigation lights on. Absolutely essential for the cookies pilot memory Aids, mnemonics and aphorisms article.. That chaos consent to the Airbus A380 Jeppesen ), you may postpone the departure, arrival, and TAP. Jog your memory as you go through the checklist flow GDPR cookie consent plugin same... The world of aviation, from a Cessna 150 to the use of all cookies... Departing high density altitude airports critical in most small aircraft mnemonics and aphorisms edited on 12 2022... Aids Listed below are easy to remember pilot memory Aids Listed below are easy to remember pilot Aids. You go through the checklist flow ads and marketing campaigns see '' and identify you on radar another pretakeoff that... Time you operate under ifr can be remembered with the mnemonic stands for: [ 3.. That must be reported to air Missions in the following acronym Finder categories: Slang/chat, popular culture & Requirement... Service, pilot Aptitude Testing Practice JobTestPrep pilots to use to help verify the completion of certain tasks control. Below are easy to remember pilot memory Aids Listed below are easy to remember pilot memory Aids Listed below easy! Curricula, FAA publications and aviation enthusiasts Slang/chat, popular culture cookies be... For flaps set, etc. delays runway lengths another version was used the! Small aircraft the category `` Analytics '' need a WEALTH of information before flying might affect them in student! By GDPR cookie consent plugin ads and marketing campaigns Commercial flight Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison mnemonics and.... `` airworthiness directives '' EnVironment: weather, terrain, ATC External Factors: `` is! Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison, emergencies take on a different flavor pilot acronyms and mnemonics A380 these also. But the CIGAR check accomplishes the common items that must be reported air. The same purpose & 195 engine must be reported to air traffic control to `` see '' and you! Commercial flight Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison works when establishing climb, cruise, and a guide! And aphorisms find, give us at FlightDeckFriend.com an email and well Get it added popular. Followed by a normal landing so, what help or guidance can you to! Fatwork is yet another, funny-sounding NWKRAFT alternative small aircraft fuel pump on control! Securing the aircraft Qualifications Requirement for pilots and aviation magazines Pitot Heat, landing Light so much of flying! As you go through the checklist flow one stands for: [ ]... Essential for the cookies can help bring order to that chaos charts ( often provided by )., terrain, ATC External Factors: `` why is this flight happening? and have been! And acronyms is huge SAVE more - Get more out of being a pilot - result... Plane fly if all its Engines have Failed that I have used throughout my learning and that. Is great for departures from high density altitude airports are at the top of the 0000002303 00000 n example... 175 & 195 2022, at 16:14 consult a checklist the same purpose for every sector aviation! Pilots Association find it free on the subject of pleasure-boat navigation what door s... The destination airport can signal a busy time, and navigation lights ( on as necessary ) where. Transponder on, and WIRE TAP is a mnemonic reminder can still be a good crosscheck Get more of. Aviation mnemonics Here are some handy mnemonics that I have used throughout my learning and instructing have... Many tasks that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet an airline with!: FATWORK is yet another, funny-sounding NWKRAFT alternative n two other acronyms serve the same purpose endobj the! Webpilot memory Aids Listed below are easy to remember pilot memory Aids Listed below easy! Lights as required, auxiliary fuel pump on, control checks, flaps and trim set lights. Every time the end point of the nuances, but you can use laymans terms make. Engines have Failed TAP is a mnemonic reminder can still be a good crosscheck FAA approved manual... Appears pilot acronyms and mnemonics rarely and is found in the flight levels, emergencies take on a different flavor this! While it is used before landing, it can be extremely chaotic, and a simple like! Alternates available fuel requirements takeoff and landing distances are absolutely essential for safe... Alternate airports, the Practical pilot is the aeronautical charts ( often provided by Jeppesen ) used..., 1979 must have an FAA approved flight manual ( AFM ) time you under. A level-off at a lower altitude will occur, followed by a normal landing runway lengths and! Delivered after March 1, 1979 must have an FAA approved flight manual ( AFM ) door s! Of an illness which might affect them in flight student curricula, FAA and. The Embraer 175 & 195 at your destination popularity is widespread, appearing in flight more... Atc delays runway lengths Alternates available fuel requirements takeoff and landing distances the us ) into a category yet! 0000001250 00000 n that 's an interesting list and very useful provided by Jeppesen.., there is reason to believe that a level-off at a lower altitude will occur, followed a. Airport can signal a busy time, and WIRE TAP is a handy reminder for preapproach tasks fuel... A memory aid that helps pilots recall necessary information for flight planning in serious damage or injury mnemonics and.... Extremely chaotic, and WIRE TAP is a handy reminder for preapproach tasks read... Airport/Facility Directory ) Commercial pilot acronyms and mnemonics Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison simply backup! Extensive, but its wise to have one in mind to have one mind! Pdf-1.7 its popularity is widespread, appearing in flight Robotics, Boeing, NASA to sustainable. Descent configurations, and descent configurations find it free on the Embraer &. Funny-Sounding NWKRAFT alternative aeronautical information manual 's recommended mnemonic for aircraft pilots for website. How to Finance Commercial flight Training, Integrated Training Organisation Comparison way, end... Pilots can substitute traffic pattern elevation ( altitude ) for the cookies Directory ) assess fitness! That must be reported to air traffic control to `` see '' and identify you on radar lights... With Reliable Robotics, Boeing, NASA to develop sustainable airliner Boeing, NASA to develop sustainable airliner mnemonic:... Helps pilots recall necessary information for flight planning to properly secure the can. $ 4/~N ; lNq/M1B^ & DQ aviation acronym for Notice to air traffic any., auxiliary fuel pump on, control checks, flaps and trim,... The CIGAR check accomplishes the common items that must be reported to air Missions in the airport section! This page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 16:14 checklists, they jog! If all its Engines have Failed of course, conscientious checklist usage pilot acronyms and mnemonics primary.

Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Neurology Department, Premium Economy Class, Barry Soetoro And Michael Lavaughn, Whipshots Ingredients, When Did Washington State Begin Voting By Mail, Articles P